Cross - Cutting

Political (P), Economic (E), Social (S), Technology (T) and Legal (L) skills drivers are not mutually exclusive. One skills driver can touch on different areas of change. To avoid repetition, cross cutting issues which touch on two or more drivers are highlighted in this section.

The cross-cutting themes identified during the scanning include the following:

Anti-Social Behaviour (P S L)

Counter Terrorism (P S L)

Collection and Storage of Personal Information (P S T L)

E-Crime / Cybercrime (P E S T)

Equality, Diversity, and Human Rights (P S L)

Fraud (P E S L)

Increase Accountability (P E S L)

Mental Health (P S L)

Neighbourhood Policing (P S L)

Organised Crime (P E S L)

Recession (E S)

Reducing Bureaucracy (P E T L)

Victims & Witnesses (P S T L)

Domestic Violence (P S T L)

Gun & Gang Violence (P S T L)

Knife Crime (P S T L)

Sexual Violence (P S T L)

References

1	ACPO (2007) The Nature, Extent, and Economic Impact of Fraud in the UK.
2	ACPO, (2008) Prevent: The Policing Response to the Prevention of Terrorism and Violent Extremism: Strategy and Delivery Plan. London: ACPO.
3	Attorney General (2009) The National Fraud Strategy: A new approach to combating fraud. London: Attorney's General Office.
4	APACS Press Release, 25 September 2008, 'APACS announces latest fraud figures'
5	APACS Press Release, 1 October 2008, 'APACS announces latest fraud figures'.
6	BBC News Online, 15 November 2006, 'Queen's Speech'
7	BBC News Online, 31 January 2007, 'Rape Prosecutions Must Improve'.
8	BBC News Online, 11 April 2007, 'Modern life 'causes major stress'.
9	BBC News Online, 13 October 2008, 'A tactical retreat on 42 days'.
10	BBC News Online, 4 December 2008, "DNA Database 'breach of rights'".
11	BBC News Online, 15 June 2009, 'Come clean on cuts, Osborne urges'.
12	BBC News Online, 16 June 2009, 'Huge job cuts for the public sector'.
13	Bennetto, Jason (2009) Police and Racism: What has been achieved 10 years after the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry report? London: Equality & Human Rights Commission.
14	Berry, Jan (2009) Reducing Bureaucracy in Policing: Interim Report. London: HMIC.
15	Bloomberg.com Press Release, 17 January 2007, 'UK 'Honour Killings', cloaked in family silence, stymie police'.
16	Bradley, Lord (April 2009) The Bradley Report: Lord Bradley's review of people with mental health problems or learning disabilities in the criminal justice system. London: Department of Health.
17	Brekke, J. S., Prindle, C., Bae, S. W., & Long, J. D. (2001) Risk for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community. Psychiatric Services 52: 1358-1366.
18	Burton, M., Evans, R., & Sanders, A. (2006) An evaluation of the use of special measures for vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. Findings 270, London: Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate.
19	Burton, M., Evans, R., Sanders, A. (2006) Are special measures for vulnerable and intimidated witnesses working? Evidence from the criminal justice agencies. Home Office Online Report 01/06 London: Home Office.
20	Cabinet Office (2008) National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an interdependent world. Cm 7291, London: The Stationery Office.
21	Cabinet Office (2008) Realising Britain's Potential; Future strategic challenges for Britain. London: The Stationery Office.
22	Casey, Louise (2008) Engaging Communities in Fighting Crime: A review by Louise Casey. London: Cabinet Office.
23	Centre for Social Justice (2009) Breakthrough Britain: Dying to Belong - An In-depth Review of Street Gangs in Britain. London: Centre for Social Justice.
24	CIFAS Press Release, October 2008, 'CIFAS figures confirm that the UK's fraud landscape has changed'.
25	CIFAS Press Release, 26 January 2009, 'Fraud Trends 2008: Fraud on the increase'.
26	CIFAS Press Release, 27 April 2009, 'Fraud trends and recession go hand in hand'.
27	Coaker, Vernon (2008) Policing Minister's Assessment of Minority Ethnic Recruitment, Retention and Progression in the Police Service: A Paper for the Home Secretary. London: Home Office.
28	Communications Data Bill (UK).
29	Coroners and Justice Bill (UK).
30	Criminal Evidence (Witnesses Anonymity) Act 2008 (England, Wales, Northern Ireland).
31	Criminal Evidence (Witnesses Anonymity) Bill explanatory notes (July 2008).
32	Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (UK).
33	Criminal Justice and Licensing Bill (Scotland).
34	Crown Prosecution Service, February 2008, 'Pre-trial witness interviews: Code of Practice'.
35	Daily Express, 28 August 2008, 'We dialled 999...and police texted us to investigate the raid', p 9.
36	Definition derived from the provisions of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (ETS No. 185) 8 November 2001.
37	Department for Communities and Local Government (2008) Preventing Violent Extremism: Next Steps for Communities. London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
38	Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (2008) Promoting Good Campus Relations, Fostering Shared Values and Preventing Violent Extremism in Universities and Higher Education Colleges.
39	Department of Health (2003) Attitudes to mental illness 2003. Sofres TN.
40	Direct Gov Press Release, 14 September 2008, 'Keeping Children Safe: the Child Sex Offender Disclosure Pilot'
41	Dr Nazia Khanum OBE, (March 2008) Forced marriage, family cohesion and community engagement: National learning through a case study of Luton. p 42.
42	Equality Bill.
43	Fawcett Society (2009) Engendering Justice - From Policy to Practice: Final Report of the Commission on Women and the Criminal Justice System. London: Fawcett Society.
44	Fawcett Society Press Release, 10 June 2009, 'Postcode lottery for victims of rape continues with a growing gap in conviction rates between police force areas'.
45	Feist, A., Ashe, J., Lawrence, J., McPhee, D., & Wilson, R. (2007) Investigating and Detecting Recorded and Offences of Rape. London: Home Office Research Statistics Directorate.
46	Financial Services Authority (2009) Financial Risk Outlook 2009. London: Financial Service Authority.
47	Flanagan, Sir Ronnie (2007) Independent Review of Policing: Interim Report. London: Home Office.
48	Flanagan, Sir Ronnie (2008) The Review of Policing: Final Report. London: Home Office.
49	Foreign & Commonwealth Office & Home Office (2006) Forced Marriage: Wrong Not a Right. London: Foreign & Commonwealth Office.
50	Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007.
51	Forced Marriage Unit (2007) Two year strategy 2007-2009. London: Forced Marriage Unit.
52	FT.com Press Release, 30 May 2009, 'Obama responds to cyber threat'.
53	FT.Com Press Release, 14 June 2009, 'EU plans tougher cybercrime laws'.
54	FT .com Press Release, 23 June 2009, 'Police chiefs plan cyber crime squads'.
55	Gervais, M.C. (2008) The Drivers of Black and Asian People's Perceptions of Racial Discrimination by Public Services: A qualitative study. London: Communities and Local Government.
56	Gaebel, W. B. A., & Zäske, H. (2005) Intervening in a multilevel network: progress of the German Open the Doors projects. World Psychiatry 2005, 4 (Suppl 1): pp16-20.
57	Hall, Matthew (2007) The Use and Abuse of Special Measures: Giving the victims the choice? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 8, S1 pp 33-53.
58	Hamlyn, B. P. A., Turtle, J., & Sattar, G. (2004) Evidence from surveys of vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. Home Office, RDS.
59	HM Government (2006) Countering International Terrorism: The United Kingdom's Strategy. Cm 6888, London: The Stationery Office.
60	HM Government (2007) Saving Lives. Reducing Harm. Protecting the Public: An Action Plan for Tackling Violence 2008-2011. London: Home Office.
61	HM Government (2008) Youth Crime Action Plan. London: Home Office.
62	HM Government (2009) The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering International Terrorism. Cm 7547, London: The Stationery Office.
63	HM Government (2009) Extending Our Reach: A comprehensive approach to tackling serious and organised crime. London: The Stationery Office Ltd.
64	HM Treasury (2007) Meeting the Aspirations of the British People: 2007 Pre-budget report and Comprehensive Spending Review. London: HM Treasury.
65	HM Treasury (2008) Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2007-8.
66	HMCPSI, HMICA & HMIC (2009) Report of a Joint Thematic Review of Victim and Witness Experiences in the Criminal Justice System. London: Criminal Justice Joint Inspection.
67	HMIC & HMCPSI (2007) Without Consent: A report on the joint review of the investigation and prosecution of rape offences. London: HMIC.
68	HMIC (2008) Leading from the Frontline: Thematic inspection of frontline supervision and leadership at the rank of sergeant in the Police Service of England & Wales. London: Home Office.
69	HMIC (2008) Serving neighbourhoods and individuals. A thematic report on Neighbourhood Policing and Developing Citizen Focus Policing. Home Office: London.
70	Individual force HMIC Programme Phase 2 Inspections - Developing Citizen Focus Policing reports.
71	Remarks in 'Developing Citizen Focus Policing' sub section of Programmed Frameworks section in every force Her Majesty's Inspectorate of the Constabulary Phase 2 Inspection Report.
72	HMIC (2009) Delivering the Policing Pledge: Early Findings. London: Home Office.
73	HMIC (2009) Getting Organised. London: HMIC.
74	HMIC (2009) Getting Together: A better deal for the public through joint working. London: HMIC.
75	HMIC (2009) Prevent: Progress and Prospects. London: HMIC.
76	Home Office (2004) National Policing Plan 2005-08: Safer, stronger communities. London: Home Office
77	Home Office (2006) Rebalancing the criminal justice system in favour of the law abiding majority; Cutting crime, reducing reoffending and protecting the public. London : Home Office.
78	Home Office (2007) The Illicit Drug Trade in the United Kingdom. 2nd Edition, Home Office Online Report 20/07, London: Home Office.
79	Home Office, ACPO & APA (2008) Efficiency and Productivity Strategy for the Police Service 2008-2011. London: Home Office.
80	Home Office (2008) From the Neighbourhood to the National: Policing our communities together. Cm 7448, London: The Stationery Office Ltd.
81	Home Office (2008) Chapter 5 Public Perceptions from 2007/08 British Crime Survey. London: Home Office.
82	Home Office (2008) From the Neighbourhood to the National: Policing our communities together - Summary of Green Paper consultation responses and next steps. London: Home Office.
83	Home Office (2009) New single confidence target for police: Table of force level targets for 2011 and 2012.
84	Home Office (2009) Cutting Crime Two Years On: An updated to the 2008-2011 Crime Strategy. London: HM Government.
85	Home Office (2009) Consultation: Protecting the public in a changing communications world. Start date: 27 April 2009, end date: 20 July 2009.
86	Home Office Circular, 17/2007, Power Of Search And Entry To Risk Assess Sex Offenders Subject To The Notification Requirements
87	Home Office Circular, 07/2008, The Use of Police Stations as Places of Safety Under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983.
88	Home Office Domestic Violence mini-site:
89	Home Office, Policing Policy e-Bulletin (March 2009), Issue124.
90	Home Office Press Release, 3 June 2008, '£12.5 million to tackle radicalisation and help prevent violent extremism in communities'.
91	Home Office Press Release, 5 February 2009, 'Stronger powers to tackle gangs'.
92	Home Office Press Release, 11 March 2009, 'Clamping Down on Serious Youth Violence'.
93	Home Office Press Release, 21 April 2009, 'Community success against anti-social behaviour in Newham'.
94	Home Office Press Release, 27 April 2009, 'Government launches consultation on communications data and ruling out single store'.
95	Home Office (2008) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Seizures of Cash Policy.
96	Home Office statement from website.
97	Home Secretary Jacquie Smith, 8 May 2008, 'Anti-social behaviour: We're not having it speech'.
98	Home Secretary (2007) Code of Practice Issued under Section 377 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.
99	Home Secretary Statement, 8 December 2008, 'Home Secretary's Strategic Policing Priorities for 2009-2010'.
100	House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee (2007) Police Funding. Fourth Report of Session 2006-07. HC 553, London: The Stationery Office Ltd.
101	House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee (2007) Young Black People and the Criminal Justice System. vol 1, HC 181-I London: The Stationery Office Limited.
102	House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee (2008) Domestic Violence, Forced Marriage, and 'Honour'- based Violence. Sixth Report of the 2007-08 Session. HC 1165, London: The Stationery Office Limited.
103	House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee (2008) Policing in the 21^st Century. Seventh Report of the 2007-08 Session. HC 364-I, London: The Stationery Office Ltd.
104	House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee (2009) Knife Crime. Seventh Report of 2008-09 Session. HC 112, London The Stationery Office Limited.
105	http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2001/life_of_crime/cybercrime.stm
106	http://www.privacyappg.org.uk/
107	http://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/section-item.asp?sid=12&iid=6865
108	https://www.garlik.com/press/Garlik_UK_Cybercrime_Report.pdf
109	Information Tribunal Appeal EA/2007/0096,98,99,108,127 Chief Constables vs Information Commissioner
110	Intelligence and Security Committee (2009) 'Could 7/7 have been have been prevented? Review of the intelligence on the London Terrorist Attacks on 7 July 2005'. Cm 7617, London: The Stationery Office Ltd.
111	Independent Police Complaints Commission (2008) Police Complaints: Statistics for England and Wales 2007/08, London: IPCC.
112	Independent Police Complaints Commission (2008) Misses in Police custody: a collaborative study with Forensic Medical Examiners in London. London: IPCC.
113	Independent Police Complaints Commission (2008) Police Custody as a "Place of Safety": a National Study Examining the Use of Section 136. London: IPPC
114	Independent Police Complaints Commission (2008) Investigation into MPS and West Midlands Police dealing with Banaz Mahmood. London: IPCC.
115	Institute for Fiscal Studies Press Release, 20 July 2009, 'Protecting NHS spending from 2011 likely to require large cuts to other department budgets or tax rises'
116	KM Research & Consultancy Ltd (2009) Access to Justice: a review of the existing evidence of experiences of adults with mental health problems. London: Ministry of Justice.
117	Learning the Lesson (June 2007) Bulletin 1 - Domestic Violence.
118	Learning the Lessons Bulletin 42 - Murder of women by a registered sex offender.
119	Local Government Association (2008) Answering to you: Policing in the 21^st century. London: Local Government Association.
120	Macpherson, Sir William (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. CM 4282-I. London: The Stationery Office Ltd.
121	Mason, Mark. (2009) Findings from the second year of the National Neighbourhood Policing Programme evaluation. Home Office Research Report 14, London: Home Office.
122	Mason, P., Hughes, N., Heck, R., Spalek, B. Ward, N., & Norman, A. (2009) Access to Justice: a review of existing evidence of the experiences of minority groups based on ethnicity, identity and sexuality. London: Ministry of Justice.
123	Mental Health Act 1983 (England & Wales).
124	Mental Health Act 2007 (England & Wales).
125	Mind (2001) Silenced Witness.
126	Ministry of Justice Press Release, 1 January 2008, 'Deaths in prison custody 2007'.
127	Ministry of Justice (2008) Delivering Improved Outcomes for Young Black People in the Criminal Justice System 2008-2011. London: Ministry of Justice.
128	Ministry of Justice (2008) Consultation - Rules for Mandatory Polygraphs for Sex Offenders. CP (L) 20/08, London: Ministry of Justice.
129	Murtuja, B., Adris, K., & Ahmed, J. (2008) Citizen's Inquiry into Forensic Use of DNA and the DNA National Database. London: Human Genetics Commission.
130	National Policing Improvement Agency (2007) Review of literature on mentally disordered offenders. London: NPIA.
131	NPIA (October 2007) NPIA Digest. London: NPIA p 23.
132	NPIA. (April 2008) NPIA Digest. London: NPIA p31.
133	NPIA (May 2008) NPIA Digest. London: NPIA p 40.
134	NPIA (October 2008) NPIA Digest. London: NPIA p 31.
135	NPIA. (February 2009) NPIA Digest. London: NPIA p18.
136	NPIA. (May 2009) NPIA Digest. London: NPIA p11.
137	Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research (2004) 10 Years of Community Policing, Chicago Style. Most recent CAPS report grades four key areas. Fall 2004, Volume 26, Number 2. Northwestern University.
138	Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2007) The forensic use of bio-information: Ethical issues. Cambridge: Cambridge Publishers Ltd.
139	Offender Health Research Network (2007) Improving Health, Supporting Justice - A consultation. London: Department of Health.
140	Offender Health Research Network (2008) An independent evaluation report of 'Improving Health, Supporting Justice: a consultation document. London: Department of Health.
141	Office of Criminal Justice Reform (2007) 'Working Together to Cut Crime and Deliver Justice: A Strategic Plan for 2008-2011'. CM 7247, London: The Stationery Office Ltd.
142	Office of Criminal Justice Reform (2005) 'Code of Practice for Victims of Crime'. London: Office of Criminal Justice Reform.
143	Personnel Today Online, 15 June 2009, 'Tory public spending cuts would cost almost 70,000 front-line jobs'.
144	Official Journal of the European Union, L 105, 13.4.2006, p 54 and 61.
145	Plotnikoff,J. & Woolfson, R. (2007) Evaluation of young witness support: examining the impact on witnesses and the criminal justice system. London: Ministry of Justice.
146	Plotnikoff, R. W. J. (2007) The Go-Between: evaluation of intermediary pathfinder projects. Ministry of Justice Research Series Summary No 1, London: Ministry of Justice.
147	Police Oracle Online, 27 April 2009, 'PM intervenes over 'Failing' SOCA".
148	Police Oracle Online, 23 June 2009, 'New Home Sec orders immediate review of PNC'.
149	Policing and Crime Reduction Bill (England & Wales).
150	Policy Engagement Network (2009) Briefing on the Interception Modernisation Programme. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
151	Prime Minister Written Ministerial Statement, 19 May 2009, 'Intelligence and Security Committee's review of the intelligence on the London terrorist attacks in July 2005'.
152	Prime Minister statement, 6 February 2008, 'Intercept as evidence is permissible'.
153	Privy Council (2008) 'Privy Council Review of Intercept of Evidence'. London: HM Government.
154	Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (UK)
155	Serious Crime Act 2007 (England, Wales, Northern Ireland).
156	Serious Organised Crime Agency (2008) The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Serious Organised Crime 2008/09. London: Serious Organised Crime Agency.
157	Silvestri, S., Oldfield, M., Squires, P., & Grimshaw, R. (2009) Young People, Knives and Guns: A comprehensive review, analysis and critique of gun and knife crime strategies. London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, King's College London.
158	Stanko (2000), cited by Women's Aid Federation Statistics: Domestic Violence.
159	Swanson, J. (2001) Can Involuntary Outpatient Commitment Reduce Arrests among Persons with Severe Mental Illness. Criminal Justice and Behavior 28(2).
160	The Guardian Press Release, 23 April 2009, 'Crime figures show rise in theft as recession bites'.
161	The Guardian Online, 7 May 2009, 'Ministers keep innocent on DNA database'.
162	The Independent Online, 24 January 2007, 'Police struggling to cope with rise of cyber-crime'.
163	The Independent, 12 February 2009, 'Partners in crime ... prevention', p 18.
164	The Register Online, 24 June 2009, 'UK police chiefs mull regional cybercrime squads'.
165	The Times Online, 24 June 2009, 'Plans to crack down on online criminals with 'cybercrime' units'.
166	Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 (UK).
167	Walby & Allen (2004) Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault and Stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 276, London: Home Office.
168	Walters, Sally (2009) The impact of the economic downturn on business and skills in England. London: The Alliance of Sector Skills Councils pp 32.
169	YouGov & 11 million (2009) Solutions to Gun and Knife Crime. London: YouGov.
170	Youth Justice & Criminal Evidence Act 1999.

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Documentation

Methodology

Summary Table of skills needs [53.8 kb]

Skills Needs by practitioner level [94 kb]

Feedback

Drivers

	Anti-Social Behaviour (ASB) [75.6 kb]
	Collection and Storage of Personal Information [82.5 kb]
	Counter Terrorism [100.4 kb]
	E-Crime / Cybercrime [72.5 kb]
	Equality, Diversity & Human Rights [70.6 kb]
	Forced Marriage & 'Honour'-Based Violence [57.2 kb]
	Fraud [66.8 kb]
	Increasing Accountability [59.8 kb]
	Mental Health [89.9 kb]
	Neighbourhood Policing [78.4 kb]
	Organised Crime [112.9 kb]
	Recession [53.6 kb]
	Reducing Bureaucracy [61.4 kb]
	Victims & Witnesses [83.8 kb]
	Violent Crime - Domestic Violence [53.8 kb]
	Violent Crime - Gang & Gun Violence [61.7 kb]
	Violent Crime - Knife Crime [51.9 kb]
	Violent Crime - Sexual Violence [77.3 kb]